Tendera powered Jeticopter, sort of
So, last Tuesday I finally got some parts made for the TenderaCopter.
The copter will comprise some 3D printed parts, some wooden parts cut from sheet material using a Laser Cutter and some other odds and ends of tube and threaded rod which will be handworked to the required size.
I went down to MakerLab with my laptop, some balsa wood and one or two other bits and bobs. I will say I make no apologies for replicating/versioning a vintage Jetex model using CAD drawings, 3D printing and laser cutting. In their day Wilmot Mansour were innovators, with for example their ‘Tailored’ kits, I’m sure if they were around today they’d be embracing all the new technology.
The Jeticopter design features the so-called Delta hinge which allows the angle of attack of the two blades to change between power and descent. This is intended to ‘mode’ the rotor into positive angle of attack under power. Then, when the rotor reduces speed at the end of the power run, the two blades ‘cone up’ and adopt a negative angle of attack. This should permit an autorotation style descent. In the original design the hinge system is a piano wire and brass tube creation. I’m trying to use the compliance of the printed plastic to achieve the same end.
No anti-torque tail rotor is required as, unlike a conventional helicopter with a fuselage mounted motor, no torque between the fuselage and rotors exist. One or two full-size implementations have been attempted with what one might call rotor mounted thrust. The Hiller YH-32 which had rotor tip mounted ramjets. Getting the ramjets started and both simultaneously must have been quite a challenge. The Fairy Rotodyne, which used gases fed to the rotor tips from a fuselage mounted gas turbine engine is another variation.
The TenderaCopter, however, will have two Tendera long duration rocket motors at either end of a boom which is at 90 degrees to the twin blade lifting rotors. It will be launched from a small launch pad with a vertical rod rising from it. What is effectively the rotor mast is a 6mm diameter tube which, for launching, pushes down onto this rod. This tube itself turns within two ball races in the fuselage.
The rotor head incorporates a printed boss which will be drilled and pined to the mast. The two rocket motors will be on beams which plug in to another 3D printed part which interlocks with the rotor hub, to ensure that the motor boom’s motion is transferred to the rotors. This part too has a boss which pins it to the rotor mast. That is the theory, at least. As soon as the first parts were printed I started to see what I’d done wrong and started redesigning!
The first parts were to be cut with the laser cutter. So, having designed the rotor blade in Fusion 360, the design, in 2 dimensions must be exported. Fusion 360 has the ability to export a 2D .DXF file which can be used by the laser cutter.
This DXF file, effectively is a file with parameters defining the outline of the part to be cut. With the laser cutter powered up it’s possible to upload the .DXF file to the laser cutter.
I used Microsoft Remote Desktop to connect my laptop to the PC which runs, and is an inherent part of, the laser cutter. When the laser cutter is powered up it’s PC is running an application called Lightburn which will receive the DXF file. Lightburn is also used to set the power of the laser and the speed that it traverses over the work piece. Lightburn generates a 'toolpath'. The toolpath determines the motion of the laser has it cuts the part. For my 2mm balsa the minimum settable power is used. When laser cutter has successfully imported the DXF the outline to be cut is shown on a small screen on the laser cutter’s control panel.
The material to be cut is placed in the machine and the start point, or Home position set. The material, in my case my balsa sheet which is held in place with weights which of course must be placed outside the cutting area. Then all that remains is to close the machines safety cover and press start.
Now as soon as I’d got my two blades cut out I realised I’d need thicker balsa or possibly plywood to get the required stiffness. But at least I’d got through the process.
The next job was using one of the 3D printers to produce a rotor head.
The parts to be printed need first to be exported from Fusion 360 to another utility for ‘slicing’. 3D printing is a bit like bricklaying - one must proceed a row at a time. In order to do this a file in STL format, this time representing the 3D shape of the part, must be ‘sliced’ into a series of horizontal layers.
These layers become a series of ‘tool paths’, this time for the plastic extrusion nozzle. (BTW, 3D printing is sometimes referred to as ‘additive manufacturing’ while laser cutting can be considered ‘subtractive manufacturing.’ )
So, when 3D printing is taking place the extrusion head is moved across a build surface and the desired part is built up, layer by layer. Here we encounter one of filament 3D printing’s inherent problems. - Everything is fine if we are printing a shape which rises straight from a base but any gaps, like a doorway on window in our bricklaying analogy, create a problem. The molten plastic extrudes continuously and we cannot introduce something equivalent to the lintel you’d have over a door or window gap.
It is possible to print ‘support material’ for ‘overhangs’. This prevents molten plastic being extruded into thin-air when such a gap is encountered. Without support material the extruded plastic tends to droop. And the support material can be cut-off and thrown away when the printing is complete.
For myself I tend to do what I can to orientate and design the part so that overhangs are largely eliminated. With the Buccaneer parts that I gave to Roger I introduced some additional surfaces that allowed me to print the model without overhangs. These became fuselage ‘bulkheads’ when the complete model was stuck back together.
So that in general is the process. Then, redesign and reprint or cut until a satisfactory set of parts is complete. Then assembly, test flying and doubtless redesign.
The laser cuter.
The electronics development corner.
LUSA the 3D printer.
Helpful advice in any workshop.
Laser cut blades!
Jeticopter Part 1
I’ve decided to (try) and make a Tendera powered Jeticopter - or similar.
The idea is to have two motors on a beam at 90 degrees to two the lifting rotors. The lifting rotors will feature the delta hinge which provides a positive angle of attack to the rotors under power and a negative AoA for a slower decent. Additionally, as I’ve seen some problems with original Jeticopters on take off, I’m going to give the thing s hollow rotor shaft and there will be a launch pad with a vertical rod to hopefully allow the rotor to get up to speed and then guide it, initially on a vertical path.
My plan is to make some of the parts on the 3D printer and use a laser cutter to cut such parts as the rotor blades and the motor boom.
Since I recently retired and moved to Munich I no-longer have my old workshop space but I discovered and signed up with something called Maker-Lab. This is a small cooperative community run workshop which I can access for 40 euros a week. This is one of several that I’ve seen in Germany.
As MakerLab is a non-profit organisation there is a management committee , bylaws and regular meetings. One of my first visits was on the occasion of a Plenum where various issues were aired, discussed and of course minuted.
Fortunately, because most of the ‘Maker’ community in Munich consist of young people either still studying or working in various engineering undertakings and they are drawn from many nations across Europe the official language for business in the MakerLab is English. Which is fortunate for me as the only 72 year old native English speaker in the group!
Anyways, I’ve now gone through the arrival procedure, the mandatory training for 3D printing and the Laser cutter and I have my access key, (a kind of electronic tag) enabled to give me access to the MakeLab and to use the Laser cutter.
I’ve been developing the design using a Computer Aided Design drawing system called Fusion 360. (Having tried previously with the package mentioned in the 3D printed model thread, ‘Blender’. I just was not able to get on with it.) F360 allows me to create parts for 3D printing and laser cutting. As I hope eventually to make the Tendera Jeticopter, can anyone think of a better name, available as a kit it makes sense to have something of a design and manufacturing process.
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So a bit of very welcome news to start 2023 is the news that there is a new supplier covering North America, Hummingbird Model Products. 4021 Vance Place Northwest,. Calgary, AB, T3A 0M7, run by Bernard Guest. https://hummingbirdmodelproducts.com/tsp-rocket-motors The Tendera motors will be a great addition to Bernard's range which already covers these very nice Jet catapult kits. |
Looking forwards
2021 has seen the most widespread marketing of miniature, sustained thrust, solid fuel reaction motors since the days of Jet-X. And about time too, that was in 1986. For this we have to thank Piotr Tendera who has taken on significant expense and effort to get the CE mark for his Tendera motors. And while it might be argued that this has resulted, due to the mandated use of the wider green fuze, motors with a lower overall Specific Index. But, for myself the widespread availability of the CE marked motors is a price worth paying. Already we are seeing signs of interest from people who are outside the usual demographic of the vintage modeller. I expect to see some novel and interesting Tendera powered creations appear over the next months.
Additionally, I think, we are likely to see the most interesting developments using the larger of the motors in Piotr’s range. The L3 and L4 both offer some new possibilities and on these fronts I’ve been making (rather slow) progress.
Radio Control is of course one possibility. Indeed, one of my correspondents from here in Germany (Frank Schwellethin) has been flying R/C with the more usual short duration motors from the Estes range and he will now, I think, have a go with the Tendera type.
Frank sent me several videos of his R/C rocket gliders in flight and inspired I was moved to complete a Klima Me163 and fit it with an Tendera L4. (This is intended for a D3 model rocket motor.) I haven’t had the chance to fly it yet as I’ve been awaiting the delivery of a miniature receiver, a Lemon Stability + from the USA. This, as its name suggests, is not just a receiver but it also includes additional hardware to build in a modicum of pitch and roll stability.
Electronic stability is the second possibility and it has long been an interest of mine. Since I started hardware that weighed over 50 Kg can now effectively be replaced with modern electronics weighing just a few grams. Luckily for me, the principals, and the maths, remain the same.
Now R/C receivers such as the Lemon and the Spektrum SAFE range include the ability to re-establish hands-off level flight at almost no additional cost. And configurations such as quadcopter, that have no inherent stability, and even helicopters without the stabilising fly-bars are feasible. But what about fixed wing free flight and specifically scale, reaction powered flight?
Seeing a recent copy of the Aeromodeller I feared that once again I'd prevaricated too long. The byline, ‘Low wing FF stabiliser’ caught my eye. The article, by Steve Glass, sounded something like what I had in mind. In fact Steve is using an add on stabiliser, the A3S3, designed to work, downstream as it were, from a conventional RC system. Steve has added some circuitry to simulate the pulse stream from an R/C receiver and, it must be said, this is pretty much purely a wings levelling system. What I have in mind is something more specific for reaction power. Additionally, the A3S3 has a setup facility that must be installed on a PC or mobile phone. Not, I fancy, something that will find favour with everyone.
For me what is required is something that can be set up on the flying field. The user can set the glide angle manually and adjust the rate of ascent. The controller consists of a solid-state gyro accelerometer board, a micro controller, battery and two miniature servos.
One would go to the field with the model with controller installed, switch on and first sort out the power off glide with a used motor installed. When this is satisfactory, select (guess) an angle for power-on ascent. This could be done by holding the model at the desired pitch angle. This is saved in the controller with a button press.
The model is then loaded for powered flight and hand launched with the motor building up thrust.
The controller detects an X axis acceleration from the thrust which it can integrate to approximate airspeed. The appropriate pitch up is wound in on the elevator/elevons. (The board would need to be capable of managing elevator and ailerons or elevons). Perhaps a potentiometer is used to preset the power on flying speed. The controller would start to wind in pitch once this airspeed is achieved.
We should now see the model climbing to best altitude. The controller detects the end of the thrust phase and changes the pitch trim to that for best glide. We might also have a gentle turn trimmed in!
Sounds simple and maybe all this is justified as a means to achieve that perfect scale, no dihedral, rear mounted motor Lockheed U2.
But what class of model would this be? It’s not R/C, it’s not C/L and its not quite F/F either. I leave that philosophical question as an exercise for the reader.
Looking forward to doing some flying in 2022.
Best wishes
Terry Kidd
New L-1 and L-2 Motors from Poland
Regular 'Jetex' flyers and readers of the various motor-related threads on the forum will know that motors are in a bit of a short supply at the moment. We have no Rapier L-1's and stocks of about 300 Rapier L-2's.
I have sorted out these last motors for distribution and measured their performance:
These are all very useful in the right model, so and please contact me (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.) if you would like some.
Fortunately, when these are all gone, we have an alternative, a brand new, and hopefully secure, supply of motors for our beloved rocket planes. These are the new TSP 'Tender' motors. Below are examples of the L-1 and L-2:
These are very close to the sizes of the Rapier L-1 and L-2 motors. Note these are 'used' motors and that the casings have done their job well!
Below are the TSP L-2's with the Rapier L-2's:
Note they are similar in size to Rapiers, if a bit thicker. No problem, though!
The performance of the Tender L-'s are great:
And the thrust is consistent:
The Tender L-2 motors too, measure well:
And the thrust on the test rig with different sizes of nozzles is predictable:
Boring out the two types of L-2 and L-2L to 1.7 mm gives particularly good results:
Piotr, who is responsible for the development and manufacture of these motors, tells me he will now concentrate on the 'L-2L' type. These can be used with confidence in any of the profile Jetex.org kits, or the many Jetex kits from the Vintage Model company:
https://www.vintagemodelcompany.com/jetex-powered-models.html
More about these motors can be found on two forum threads, see
http://www.jetex.org/index.php/jetex-forum?view=topic&catid=8&id=317
and
http://www.jetex.org/index.php/jetex-forum?view=topic&catid=8&id=319
Piotr is happy to discuss the supply of these motors to flyers in the UK. His email address is:
This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
I shall be getting a supply of the Tender L-1 motors from him, and and I look forward to trying out Piotr's motors on the flying field. The motors are beautifully produced and can be put in that precious scale model with confidence!
Above: a TSP Tender L-2L motor on the test rig. The reading equates to a steady thrust of 150mN, just perfect for those vintage models!
All of the above is very much 'work in progress' so do look at the forum for news of further developments, like an L-3 and a TSP L-2 HP!
Hello from Terry and Tendera developments
| Type | Thrust mN | Duration Seconds |
| L1 | 100 | 11 |
| L2 | 170 | 17 |
| L2HP | 250 | 15 |
| L3 | 500 | 17 |
| L4 | 1000 | 19 |
Latest Motors from Dr Zigmund
Dr Zigmund, developer and manufacturer of our 'one shot' Rapier motors, delivered a fresh batch of three types of L-2's (L-2 LT, L-2-X and L-2 HP) when he visited Old Warden's model meeting in July.
I have now tested these with the following results
These are quite pleasing: the L-2X motors appear a bit more powerful than the 'HPs' but both are usable. The L-2 LTs have less 'oomph' than last year's, but, again, they are perfectly acceptable.
The L-1 motors are quite powerful:
We have good stocks of all these motors, so please contact me for details of how to get them.
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